African Allele Essay Example for Free

African Allele Essay It is a fact that Central Africa is a rural area while the United States is highly urbanized. This means that diseases are more prominent in the African territory, one of which is the malaria. This widespread illness caused evolution to favor a type of change in the human body to protect it from the deadly virus. This protection is the heterozygous make up of the hemoglobin gene, where one allele is the abnormal one that causes sickle-cell anemia. When comparing three types of persons, one with homozygous normal alleles, another with a heterozygous pair, and finally one with a homozygous pair of abnormal alleles, those with the heterozygous pair would have the greatest chance of surviving the conditions of Africa. Having a pair of normal alleles would not save a human from malaria infection, and having a pair of abnormal alleles would cause sickle-cell anemia that can also kill the patient. Thus, in places such as Africa, the population has quite a number of people having the heterozygous hemoglobin gene. The lower number of sickle-cell allele carriers in the United States can be attributed to two main reasons. First, malaria is not as prominent in the United States as it is in Africa. People then did not adapt that much and this abnormal allele haven’t evolved that much. Another is the intermarriage between Africans and Americans. If an African, who carries the sickle-cell allele, would marry an American having a homozygous healthy gene, their children would only have a 50% chance of getting that trait, as compared to an African-African marriage (both heterozygous sickle-cell alleles), where the chance of getting the allele is 75%.

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay -- Auto Cars Automobiles Mec

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Two main types of engines powering everyday machinery are diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines. Both vary on efficiency levels, but are still effective. Diesel engines have high efficiency levels, such as producing great amount of torque at very low rpms. They are also known for their fuel-efficient behavior and capability to produce low emissions. Their capability to produce power at an efficient rate with little wear on the engine, this makes these engines ideal for hybrid integration. Hybrid integration takes a typical engine and combines it with an electric generator and motor, with the application of other electrical systems applied. Allowing the machinery to generate energy, with lower fuel consumption and cleaner emissions. Toyota is one of the leaders in the automobile hybrid design. The design goes as follows, â€Å"a VVT-I gas engine with an advanced electric motor to not only power the Prius, but also recharge the vehicle's batteries thanks to an ingenious generator and regenerative braking system†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Toyota). This regenerative braking system allows absorption of the heat energy used to brake and uses that energy to recharge the cars batteries. This system makes the car self-reliant. Even though this engine uses gasoline, the development of diesel hybrids will be the next step in innovation. Comparison: One of the main areas is the on-board fuel combustion of these engines. In tests performed by MIT, the relative consumption of on-board fuel energy for a typical gasoline internal combustion engine measured about 88%, while the Diesel-Hybrid was at 52% (Weiss 27). These tests demonstrate how much more ene... .... Design News (19 August 2002): 1-5. Peckham, Jack. â€Å"Diesel Hybrids Come Out Best In Energy, Greenhouse Gases†. Diesel Fuel News (16 April 2001): 1-2. Peckham, Jack. â€Å"Diesel Hybrids Bus Beats CNG On Key Criteria†. Diesel Fuel News (29 October 2001): 1-2. Siuru, Bill. â€Å"Hybrid’s working on the railroad: Green Goat electric switching locomotive shows promise of hybrids for rail; can be powered by diesels or microturbines†. Diesel Progress North American Edition (December 2002): 1-3 Toyota Prius. Toyota Corporation (multiple locations). http://129.33.47.206/html/shop/vehicles/prius/technology/prius_technology.html Weiss, Malcolm A., Heywood, John B., Schafer, Andreas., Natarajan, Vinod K. â€Å"Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars†. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Energy and the Environment (February 2003): 1-29.

Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio

Lab – Data Analysis and Data Modeling in Visio Overview In this lab, we will learn to draw with Microsoft Visio the ERD’s we created in class. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this learning unit you should be able to: ? Understand the concept of data modeling ? Develop business rules ? Develop and apply good data naming conventions ? Construct simple data models using Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) ? Develop entity relationships and define various types of attributes Lab Goals Our lab goals are to: 1. Learn to build conceptual models in Microsoft Visio. 2. Create the 5 ERDs from class in Microsoft Visio. You will accomplish this by drawing the 4 diagrams from the class exercise. You will have to hand in all 4 diagrams by FTPing them to your account space on the IST-S-STUDENTS server and then pasting the url to the diagram in the text boxes for this week’s learning unit assessment. What you will need to begin 1. A copy of Microsoft Visio 2003 (or higher) 2. The Visio Conceptual Modeling Stencil conceptual modeling. vss (should be with the other files from this week’s lesson) 3. The class exercises from this week (should also be with the other files from week’s lesson. ) Part 1: Getting Ready for Using Microsoft Visio for Conceptual Modeling Overview This section will explain how to use Microsoft Visio to create conceptual Entity-Relationship data models. Microsoft Visio has built-in database tools for creating logical data models (those that apply the relational database theory to your entity-relationship diagrams), and not very good at conceptual modeling. As a result, using the MS Visio database tools to create the conceptual model diagrams can sometimes feel like trying to jam a round peg into a square hole. Since not many people are into shoving round pegs into square holes, this guide will explain how you can maximize the Visio database tools for creating conceptual models. For those of you familiar with Visio, here are the heuristics we will follow to make Visio conceptual model friendly: †¢ Use Database Model Diagrams †¢ Modify the settings to be more user-friendly †¢ Do not use the relationship tool – use my stencil instead Step 1: Create New Document The first step is to create a new document. From the Visio Menu, choose: File ( New ( Software & Database ( Database Model Diagram [pic] This will create your blank Visio page, and load the default database toolset. IMPORTANT: The default Visio stencils are for logical modeling. I’ve created a custom stencil for conceptual modeling. Step 2: Load the Conceptual Modeling Custom Stencil Download the stencil file from our learning management system and save the conceptual modeling. vss somewhere on the local computer. From the Shapes Bar, select Shapes ( More Shapes ( Open Stencil Use the Open Stencil dialog to browse for the conceptual modeling. vss and open it. You should see the following: [pic] Step 3: Configure Default Settings This is the most important step. In this step we will tweak the database document settings so that they are favorable to conceptual modeling. The benefits of doing this are there will be very little reworking of the document at the logical modeling step. From the Visio Ribbon, choose: Database ( Display Options The Database Document Options Dialog will appear. From this dialog, select Relational symbol set, and Conceptual Names visible on the diagram, as displayed in this dialog: [pic] Next, Click on the Table tab: From this section of the dialog, display everything except annotations and vertical lines, do not show data types, and place primary keys at top, as displayed in the following dialog: [pic] When you’re finished click ok. This will close the Database Document Options dialog. NOTE: You might want to save your document at this time. Now that you’ve got things set-up this file can serve as a template for future conceptual modeling diagrams. AS A MATTER OF FACT, YOU CAN DOWNLOAD A PRE-BUILT VISIO TEMPLATE FROM THE CLASS WEBSITE WITH THIS WEEK’S MATERIALS. Part 2: Microsoft Visio for Conceptual Modeling Walk-Thru Overview In this section, we will walk-through creating a conceptual data model with Microsoft Visio. We will use the vBay! (E-bay â€Å"like† website case study as an example for conceptual modeling. ) To Create an Entity: Drag the [pic] icon onto the page and drop. Name the entity in the database properties window: [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add these 4 Entities to your diagram: [pic] To Add Attributes to the entity: To add attributes to your entity, simply click on the columns section of the database properties window, and enter in your column names. Be sure to include the appropriate attribute descriptors [rucdm] with the physical name. Ignore the data type Req’d and PK columns. Those are used in logical modeling. [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add attributes to all 4 entities, like this: [pic] To Add Relationships among the entities: To Add Relationships, simply drag the appropriate relationship cardinality (for example: [pic]) onto the page and connect the ends to each entity. To â€Å"snap† the line to the entity drag the line end onto the box until it turns red, like this. Red symbolizes the shapes are glued together: [pic] After to glue both ends of the line to an entity, you can double-click on the line to assign it a label. For example: [pic] YOU DO IT: Now add all the relationships to complete the conceptual model, like this: [pic] Note: You might have to juggle the shapes and lines around to achieve a best fit. It takes time and a whole lot of patience! Other Tips You can place multiple diagrams in one file! Just keep adding pages. To add a page, from the menu select: Insert ( Blank Page [pic] To rename a page, right-click on the page and choose Rename You can add text to your diagram! Use the Text tool in the ribbon. Home ( Text. When you’re finished, be sure to select the Pointer Tool again. [pic] Part 3: Creating the 4 diagrams from class exercise & handing it in. Take the 4 diagrams from class and draw them in Microsoft Visio. †¢ Place one diagram on each page. †¢ Label the pages accordingly †¢ Save the document †¢ Upload the document to blackboard

Essay about Lebanon and Globalization - 1763 Words

Country Case Report Lebanon INTB 3352 Long Lee Lebanon and Globalization Globalization was introduced to the world as a new philosophy, through which countries are shaped as a developed or developing countries. Lebanon is a country in the East Mediterranean, to its north and east it is boarded by Syria and Palestine is to its south. Its location at the intersection of the Mediterranean and the Arabian vicinity contributed to shape its culture and gives it a crucial trade role between countries. This unique location and the social and political orientation give Lebanon a unique role among Arab and the Middle Eastern countries. Lebanon is a country of contradictions. Its Society is composed of many ethnicities and religions;†¦show more content†¦More specifically, many families migrated to Lebanon from the rest of the Middle East like Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Irak and Armenia. These families were pushed out of their countries by the many regional conflicts originating from their authoritarian regimes and social unrest and by the prosperity on the Lebanese territories† ( Abi-Habib 26). Because there is no country with political power or economic resources that allow it to manage an international agenda, a lot of Middle Eastern countries has been into wars, either civil wars or wars with other countries. Lebanon is a good example of political instability because of the lack for a strong power to force them to cooperate or to help them solve conflicts with other countries. Although Lebanon promotes economic and political liberation to some extent, it is still not considered to be a democracy. It is unstable country due to the political groups or parties sharing the power. Lebanon has encountered civil war in the past, it also encountered wars with Israel; the last was in July 2006, which was between Hezbollah, a political party in Lebanon, and Israel. â€Å"The latest Israeli war on Lebanon resulted in amplification inside the country of the perception of a weak state countered by a resilient and efficient Hezbollah in touch with the grass roots. At the same ti me, there exists a Lebanese discourseShow MoreRelatedEssay about Teachers in Syria1399 Words   |  6 PagesSyrians have registered as refugees, but they estimate that there are, in fact many more unregistered Syrian refugees escaping through the Iraq border. Globalization and its negative implications for Syria Globalization has had negative implications for the nation of Syria. 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